Decade by Decade with SFI

1600-1650
Change over time: With the discovery of America, Europeans seized the opportunity to improve their societies in the New World by employing self-government and individualism.
1. James Colony founded in 1607
2. Separatists depart from Holland and sign the Mayflower Compact
3. First House of Burgesses
4. Puritans and the Cambridge Agreement
5. An Ordinance and Constitution of the Virginia Company sets a precedent of self-government

The Europeans were successful in colonization because they chose to use self-government and individuals to improve upon the things that dissatisfied them in Europe.

1650-1700
Change: America experienced continued tension with Native Americans erupting into conflicts and the start of the French and Indian war over land disputes; religion, dominantly puritanism, influenced governments structure in the colonies in a theocratic style in the lead up to the Great Awakening.
1. Bacon's Rebellion
2. King Phillip's war
3. Puritanism
4. Salem Witch Trials
5. Slavery

Slavery was introduced to the colonies in the triangular trade and slaves were seen as the lowest people in society. The institution of slavery, however, did nit immediately take root in America at the time due to indentured servitude and didn't see a dramatic rise until the turn of the 18th century.

1700-1750
Change: Throughout these years North America shifted from a period of early colonial disputes between Spain, Britain, and France to a time of increased education for the colonists, less tension between social classes, and religious revival due to the Great awakening which ultimately lead to a greater union between the colonists and prepared them for the revolution.
1. Great Awakening
2. Queen Anne's War
3. King George's War
4. War of Jenkins's Ear
5. Founding of Yale and Princeton

Although King George's war asserted British dominance on the North American continent with the defeat of the French and Spanish, its treaty also returned Louisburg to the French after New Englanders had fought for it; this event increased tension between Britain and the colonists and discouraged expansion by colonists but encouraged a greater colonial unity and growth.

1750's
Change:

1760's
Change: After Britain abandoned the policy of salutary neglect towards the colonies the motherland experienced a time of contempt because Britain would not extend representation to the colonists, the taxing policy was unfair and excessive on the colonists, and the colonists' privacy and natural rights were accosted. This growing discontent led to the minority war of the American Revolution in which the decade ended with American freedom in sight.
1. American Revolution
2. Declaration of Independence
3. Thomas Paine's Common Sense
Battles of Lexington and Concord
5. Olive Branch Petition

In order to get more of the colonists on the side of the rebels, Thomas Paine published his pamphlet, Common Sense, which showed colonists how the King conducted unfair policies over the colonies.

1770's
Change: Increasing American resistance to British laws passed to stop what the British viewed as colonial misbehavior eventually leads to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War with superior American strategy and geography advantages in addition to French assistance helping the American victory.
1. Lexington and Concord
2. Boston Tea Party
3. Coercive/Intolerable Acts
4. Stamp Act
5. Battle of Gettysburg

The Boston Tea Party was caused by Britain giving a monopoly to the East India Tea Company where the Americans had an outbreak against Britain's taxation policies.

1780's
Change: Although America now had independence from Britain, this period marked a time of stress and confusion over the thought of federal stability v. state government, there were a number of continued rebellion and foreign issues.
1. The Articles of Confederation
2. Shay's Rebellion
3. Barbary Pirates
4. West Coast Controversy
5. Three-Fifths compromise

The Articles of Confederation provided America with a weak national government and strong state governments as well as a Congress that hosted for equal representation in all states.

1790's
Change: Throughout this period a fledgling nation proved its strength by overcoming a bunch of rebellions and other major crises and conducted the first peaceful transition of power between two leaders in the election of 1796.
1. The Election of Adams in the 1796 election
2. Whiskey Rebellion
3. Fries' Rebellion
4. Alien and Sedition Acts
5. Yellow fever pandemic in Philadelphia

The election of 1796 showed the first peaceful transition of power in history which proves the theory of democracy and rule by the people through an elected leader.

1800's
Change: This decade marked the first ever peaceful change between political parties and the US began to settle in by further expanding its boundaries, manufacturing and the start of the fight to eliminate slavery.
1. The election of Thomas Jefferson
2. Congress bans the importation of slaves in 1807
3. The Embargo of 1807
4. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803
5. The Lewis and Clark Expedition

The Embargo of 1807, though meant to keep America out of a war with France and Great Britain, resulted in a US need to self-reproduce. The embargo essentially helped nurture US manufacturing and allow it to stand on its own. America was thus less dependent on foreign countries.

1810's
Change:

1820's
Change: This decade showed American advancement to more nationalistic feelings led mainly by President Monroe, who headed this Era of Good Feelings in a hope to stick with original Washington ideals to make a whole government without fractions that could endure the growing differences between the North and South.
1. Monroe doctrine
2. Missouri compromise
3. The addition of Maine and Missouri as states
4. American Colonization society
5. Democratic Party forms

The Monroe Doctrine claimed that Europe can no longer colonize America which also came with the addition of two new states.

1830's
Change: This decade was characterized by the presidency of Andrew Jackson with revolutionized the role of the federal government by his use of almost dictatorial powers which exercised the authority of the central government; the abolition movement gained ground under the leadership of Frederick Douglass and other abolitionist sources such as William Lloyd Garrison.
1. Nullification Crisis
2. Ending of the 2nd National Bank
3. Indian removal Act
4. Specie Circular
5. Abolition movement

The Nullification Crisis showed Jackson was not afraid to use his presidential power and weight to end dissent, which set the tone for his authoritative terms as president.

1840's
Change: During the 1840's the US was initially an isolationist country but became increasingly involved in foreign affairs close to home due to the beliefs provided by manifest destiny, creating tensions with Mexico and Japan; internal conflict and controversy also grew over the issue of slavery which led up to the civil war.
1. Manifest Destiny
2. Mexican War
3. Treaty of Wanghai
4. Frederick Douglass and his battle for Civil Rights
5. Texas Annexed

The Treaty of Wanghai signified an increase in the U.S.'s part in foreign relations; which showed how a once very internally focused country suddenly concentrated on other countries, namely China, and how aggressive America had become in its negotiations.

1850's
Change: The pre-Civil war decade marked the extremities of the factions of the US Government over the issue of slavery and how compromises, literature, court decisions, riots and protests, an economic depression, and even political beatings could not stop the issue of slavery rom causing the Confederacy to secede from the Union.
1. "Bleeding Kansas"
2. Compromise of 1850
3. Kansas-Nebraska Act
4. Sumer-Brooks Incident
5. Dred Scott v. Sanford

"Bleeding Kansas" was the miniature wars in Kansas between ploslavery forces and abolitionists, especially the attacks by John Brown. Massacres occurred between these two groups foreshadowing the civil war

1860's
Change: The Republican party, led by Abraham Lincoln, pledged to preserve the Union, to fight slavery, and to begin the reconstruction of the South after the end of the war.
1. The passage of the Emancipation Proclamation
2. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln
3. The passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
4. Reconstruction
5. General Ulysses S. Grant

The ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments proclaimed the rights of slaves and validated the views and works of Abraham Lincoln.

1870's
Change: The 1870s is also known as the Gilded Age showed a post-Civil War mayhem of mass corruption in the economy and government which weakened the government's power over the states and created disorder within the systems that the government of the US relied on to maintain stability.
1. Spoils system
2. Credit Mobilizer
3. Trusts, Monopolies, and big businesses
4. Ulysses S. Grant
5. Panic of 1873

To meet greater social mobility people took steps to climb social ranks such as earning a government job. Money and publicity would be used to gain jobs which left the government with unskilled workers, this basically defines the spoils system.

1880's
Change: Throughout this decade, America saw many shifts in power from the Republican to Democratic party and also saw new reform legislations that would directly impact the future ties between politics and big business and industry as well as politics and labor groups and farmers.
1. The election of Grover Cleveland
2. Pendleton Act of 1883
3. Interstate Commerce Act
4. American Federation of Labor
5. Farmers alliances

The Interstate Commerce Act allowed the federal government to regulate interstate commerce rather than having industries do so.

1890's
Change: This decade signified a time where political groups became more radical, migration was at its peak and there was a bigger focus on gold, and the growth of military power and influence.
1. Western settlement
2. Spanish-American War
3. Panic of 1893
4. Homestead Act
5. McKinley Tariff Act

The Panic of 1893 showed how the increased dependence on gold could affect the economy. The focus on gold caused over speculation until the stock market crashed.

1900's
Change: The US inherited a controversial yet popular theroy of political orientation that seemed to stand as a protective and defensive doctrine, but in truth favored imperialist ideas to better the conditions of society while remaining hidden behind this captured defense. Citizens began questioning this when they could not justify it giving way to the emergence of true progressives and new literature.
1. Russo-Japanese Treaty
2. Platt Amendment
3. Meat and Inspection Act
4. Trust busting
5. Great White Fleet

With the emergence of the progressives also came critical problems with resources, a big one being meat. Meat would be unlabeled, outdated, and contained dangerous chemicals. When citizens realized this they protested and the Mean and Inspection Act was passed enforcing inspection of meat for all large producing meat companies.

1910's
Change: America is now considered a world leader as the issues with immigration and poverty, labor and monopoly struggles, and work safety and child labor ends. World War One really helped in boosting Americas economy.
1. WWI
2.Ratification of 19th amendment
3. "New Immigrants"
4. Assembly lines
5. End of Progressive Era

WWI was the climax of the Progressive Era which reverted it back to its isolationist status by the end of the was.  America was a world power by the end of the war as well as socially altered back at home with women in the workforce and more minority rights.

1920's
Change: The 1920's experienced profound cultural changes including modern philosophies portrayed in the increased independence of women in their style, traditionalist and modernist conflicts, music influences from African Americans, and anti-prohibitionist groups.
1. Scoped Trial
2. Harlem Renaissance
3. Nativism
4. Flappers
5. Prohibition

The prominent style of young women of this decade was the flapper style which helped increase the acceptances of sexual promiscuity of women and he independence and equality of women challenging the traditional, modest view of women.

1930's
Change: The 1930's was a period of economic and international turbulence aas the United States was struck by both a failing stock market and deteriorating control over foeign threats that would eventually lead to the Second World War. It was defined by the reform legislation and a movement towards worldwide peace which is unattained.
1. The Great Depression
2. Roosevelt's New Deals
3. Isolationism
4. The Dust Bowl
5. Invasion of Poland in 1939

Both the first and second New Deals introduced new welfare legislation to help the country through labor and economic growth. Components of these included Social Security and the Fair Labor Act.

1940's
Change: This decade saw an era of war production and migration where the US was able to pull out of the Great Depression, experience new ideas in art and culture, and exit the idea of isolationism by building up alliances with the nations in Europe while Eruope experiences a time of great loss and dependency on unity.
1. Hitler
2. The Holocaust
3. NATO
4. Marshall Plan
War Production Board

The Holocaust showed the allies how terrible Hitler and the Nazi's were giving them a common enemy while the mass exodus of Jews marked a new era for culture changes and integration in many different countries.

1950's
Change: The US moved away from the postwar desire of calm atmospheres to more interventionist actions, especially against communism, abroad and increasing awareness of social and political issues at home.
1. Korean War
2. "dynamic conservatism"
3. Brown v. Board of Education
4. Massive Retaliation
5. Domino theory

The Domino theory claimed that if one country fell to communism then all surrounding would then also fall to it creating this domino effect of communism.

1960's
Change: In this time period America had a grat change in its relationship with other nations during the Cold War. This shaped future USnpolicies towards acting and reacting in global situations.
1. Cuban Missile Crisis
2. Bay of Pigs Invasion
3. Gulf of Tonkin Incident
4. Korean War
5. Dominican Republic action

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a very alarming situation for Americans and lead to future developments to avoid ever having threats as close as this. This Crisis was essentially that the Soviet Union brought a nuclear missile into Cuba which could be activated at any time and directed towards the USA.

1970's
Change: Domestic reform was on the rise and policies from environmental issues to highway control were affected.
1. 26th amendment
2. Inflation increase
3. US gas embargo
4. Emergency Conservation highway act
5. EPA is passed

With inflation and unemployment on the rise, the US begins to focus on internal issues rather than foreign ones.

1980's
Change: Throughout the 1980's, President Reagan's conservatism and Reagonomics caused unemployment, recession, and excessive military expenditures; thus, the larger military intensified the Cold War, and there were more foreign policy issues with Muslim extremist groups near the end of the 80's.
1. Tax cuts
2. Excessive military spending
3. Recession of 1982
4. Muslims taking American hostages
5. "New right" movement

The excessive military spending and tax cuts lead to the Recession of 1982 which involved the rise of unemployment and more tension with the Soviet Union.

1990's
Change: During this decade America grew intellectually with the era of Technology creating a booming economy; improved domestically with numerous legislation passed, and influenced foreign policy with the creation of the world Trade Organization.
1. Iraq invades Kuwait which puts America into getting involved in the Gulf War
2. The Gulf War ends
3. NAFTA goes into effect
4. WTO created
5. Iraq Liberation Act

With the creation of the World Trade Organization, America's trade with other countries was stabilized with the establishment of set rules of trade among nations.

2000's
Change: During the start of the 21st century, United States lifestyle was changed by catastrophes, such as the 9/11 bombings leading to the war on terrorism; and an economical change, much like that of the stock over speculation in 1929, from the thriving economy early in the decade to a crash with the over speculation of mortgage rates.
1. Mortgage Crisis of 2007
2. 9/11 terrorist bombings
3. Iraqi war
4. War on Terrorism
5. American recovery and Readjustment Act

The Mortgage Crisis was the first time in almost 80 years that the US had such a drop in the economic situation as it had been thriving since post WWII.

Chapter 38

1960 Election:
1. TV debates
2. Religion
3. MLK Jr. released from jail
Republican candidate: Richard Nixon
Democrat candidate: John F. Kennedy. although he was catholic he still believed in separation of church and state
Results: 49.7%-Kennedy; 49.5%- Nixon
Kennedy was more concerned on foreign policy during his presidency but not too much on the domestic front. Kennedy did want new, fresh cabinet members. His brother, an uninformed Bobby Kennedy, was made the Attorney General without law practice.
His inaugural address was very famous nd helped third world countries.
NASA: wanted the first man on the moon by the end of the decade.
Stuff passed:

• The Trade Expansion Act of 1962 lowered tariffs.
• Alliance for progress: Marshall plan for Latin countries was supposed to give aid and money to latin countries to help get rid of communism. As America got more involved elsewhere the amount of money promised wasn't given.
• Peace Corps: strove for friendly foreign alliances. young, idealistic Americans would go to third world nations to help out and teach. Usually the fields were health, agriculture, languages and math.
• Housing Act and Area Redevelopment Act- more federal spending for urban renewal.
• 1963: Equal Pay Act: abolished pay differences between sexes and races.

He attempts to apply minimum wage to minorities like women.
His Domestic Program was called the NEW FRONTEIR.
In November 1963 JFK was shot on the neck in Texas, then blasted in the skull and died. Lee Harvey Oswald (communistic ties) was the suspect but he was killed by another man named Ruby. The Warren commission said Oswald acted alone.
Michael Herrington: "The Other America"

Civil Rights Movement

• Freedom Riders (191) would challenge segregation of busses and railways. 18 freedom riders went from May to September on a trip facing resistance and violenve. On May 14th a mob of white racists surrounded a bus of Freedom riders and threw in a bomb while blocking exits. The riders escaped but were attacked.
• James Meredith 1962: wants to enroll in a University but is met with violence, Marshalls sent by JFK were attacked and troops were sent in.
• "Moral Issue"/ Civil Rights act 1963
• Birmingham, AL 1963- MLK knows he can protest peacefully here but he also knows the sheriff uses violent methods against protesters. He was thrown in jail and wrote his nonviolent letters that said protesters must accept penalties and made whites look bad.

Foreign Policy

• Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 (Cuba): attempt to overthrow Castro, but they're ready for our invasion. No success. Kennedy backs off with US air support. He says this is his bad to the country.
• Berlin Crisis (1961) Khrushchev- Berlin wall is being built separating east and west berlin. JFK increases military size. Heats up Cold War
• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) US spy planes spot Soviet missiles and troops in Cuba. Now we have Soviet weapons and troops on our doorstep. JFK gives the scariest speech ever. We bring in US ships and surround Cuba (we quarantine them). Crisis is put down and Khrushchev turns around. We stopped a nuclear war and missiles are taken out of Cuba. We promise not to invade Cuba and we take missiles out of Turkey which we were going to do anyways.
• Hotline established in 1963. red telephones with direct line to DC and Moscow.
• Nuclear Test Ban treaty: no more atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons
• Vietnam: fear of communism and domino effect of it. 16,000 advisors. 1963-65 Johnson comes in and Tonkin Gulf resolution doesn't allow us to pull everyone out by 1965. Public kept in dark about it. 1964 LBJ makes statements that white boys wont be sent to Vietnam to do Asians jobs. He does it anyways during his presidency.

LBJ and Civil Rights

1. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident: In August 1964, there was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. There, two U.S. warships had been attacked by the North Vietnamese. In response, the Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed by Congress essentially giving the president a blank check for return action.

1. Summarize or make a bullet-point list of the information on JFK’s foreign policy


2. Briefly take notes on the following: SNCC, freedom rides, Birmingham protests and Bull Connor, Letter from Birmingham Jail, Medgar Evers, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Freedom Summer, Selma, Voting Rights Act of 1965.How did the civil rights movement change in this period?  Why did racial and civil unrest turn violent? Make sure you include Malcolm X, Black Muslims, Stokely Carmichael, Black Panthers, long hot summers


3. Make a list of the Great Society programs.  Make sure you know what each one did.  How can we assess Johnson’s domestic program?

4. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?  Why didn’t the escalation of American involvement in the War succeed?How did the conduct of the Vietnam War affect American domestic affairs?What was the impact of the Tet offensive on American morale and politics

 

Discussion Questions- Chapter 37

1. The 1950s is sometimes known as the "age of anxiety". What were the major sources of anxiety and conflict that stirred beneath the surface of the time?
Some major sources of anxiety included the fear of the atomic bomb or any bomb in general being dropped in America. America also had a large fear of communism since countries like North Korea and China were being taken over and converted to communism. The Cold War was also a constant threat to Americans as well as the Nuclear Arms race. When the Soviets put a dog in space we knew that they could also deliver a nuclear weapon to the U.S. using intercontinental ballistic missiles. McCarthyism is also a source of anxiety since McCarthy is so charismatic and is accusing a lot of people of being communists. We see the formation of the House of Un-American Activities. Politicians were being accused, like George Marshall.  U2 Incident where our spy plane was shot down by the soviets since we spied on them and they got our technology. Americans had to be told.

 2. How did Eisenhower balance assertiveness and restraint in his foreign policies in Vietnam, Europe, and the Middle East?
Brinkmanship created by John Foster Dulles is a key in Eisenhower's foreign policy. we have to liberate any country that is under communist pressures. We have to show some restraint.
Eisenhower wanted to ease the tension with Stalin's successor Nikita Khrushchev but he was blocked out.
At Dienbienphu in 1954 France was surrounded and lost so they simply left Southeast Asia which created a void allowing communism to grow there. This battle marks the real beginning of America's interest in Vietnam.
Ike also asked at the peace conference for a reduction of arms Khrushchev was receptive and also publicly denounced the atrocities of Stalin. When the soviets rolled tanks into the Hungary rebellion and crushed them while they protested communists, the US gave no aid which showed the Cold War would continue.
Eisenhower sent military aid to Korea.
The US worried Russia would invade the Middle East for its oil so the CIA pulled off a coup in Iran and placed Mohammed Reza Pahlevi in charge as a dictator. It was successful for the time but it came back to get America.
In Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nassar wanted to build a dam on the Nile so America and Britain offered some help, but then Nasser began to flirt with communism. Sec. Dulles removed the US offer and Nassar took over the Suez canal so they could make money for the Nile, which threated the oil supply to the West. Britain and France attacked Egypt without our knowledge so Eisenhower wouldn't supply oil to Britain and France so they had to withdraw. In 1940 the US produced 2/3 of the worlds oil but by 1948 the US was a net importer of oil. Ike and Congress also declared the Eisenhower Doctrine which promised to help the Middle-east if it was threatened by communism .The real threat in the middle-east was the oil. Deterrence!

 3. In what ways was the Eisenhower era a time of caution and conservatism and in what ways was it a time of dynamic economic, social, cultural change?
This era marked a huge fear of an attack by nuclear/atom bombs as well as communism. Eisenhower attempted to be more liberal towards the people and more conservative with money.Social changes included a change in education from music, arts, etc to mathematics and science.The National defense and Education Act provided millions of dollars in college loans to teach science and languages. Ike didn't embrace the infant civil rights movement.

Chapter 36 Classwork

https://docs.google.com/document/d/12QzLTzsrAh5J10rNEnm1s58S_c59WrZDKIKWMcqSf-4/edit?usp=sharing

A Tale of Three Cities

 

A Tale of Three Cities Reading Questions

 

1. The author pursues several questions at the beginning of the lecture. On what premise does he aim to “establish a position?”

The author aims to establish a position on the premise that World War II "constituted a massively transformative event, for both the United States and the world”. This is supported by by the choice America made in the type of war it would fight and the lasting legacy of American belligerence.

2. Professor Kennedy states that in order “to understand the full scope of the war’s transformative agency”, one needs to look at the tears 1940 to 1945. What did he bring up about 1940 to set the scene?

To set the scene, Kennedy brought up that in 1940, America was in its last full peacetime year, and still mostly entrenched in an atmosphere of isolationism, shown by the passing of the Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936, and 1937, among other prominent examples. 1940 was also the eleventh year of the Great Depression, and more than 40% of all white households and 95% of all African American households lived in poverty.

3. Read the statement by the imaginary street corner speaker. What seemed most farfetched to you?

Of the statements professed by the imaginary street corner speaker, the most far fetched seeming to me, based in the perspective of America, 1940, were claims such as the doubling of the middle class (doubtful-seeming due to the increase in the wage gap between the lavishly rich and desolately poor), the promises of racial equality, and the magnitude of the United States’ future intervention with Europe, including the winning of the war with Germany and Japan, the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, and the World Trade Organization.

4. When the US got involved in the war in 1941, what were some differing opinions about how the war would turn out?

The attack of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 prompted US entry into the war. Hitler, hearing the news from Hawaii, boasted that “now it is impossible for us to lose the war. We now have an ally [Japan] that has not been vanquished in three thousand years.”. However, Winston Churchill responded to America’s entry into the war with a contradictory conclusion, quoted as  saying later, “I could not foretell the course of events… but now at this very moment I knew the United States was in the war, up to the neck and in to the death. So we had won after all! England would live… I went to bed and slept the sleep of the saved and thankful.”.

5. Professor Kennedy calls this a “tale of three cities.” To which three cities does he refer?

In the title “A Tale of Three Cities”, Professor Kennedy is referring to Rouen, a French city on the Seine, Washington DC, on the Potomac, and Volgograd, formerly known as both Tsaritsyn and Stalingrad.

6. What happened at Rouen and what were its implications for the war?

A squadron of one dozen B-17 bombers lifted off their airfield in the South of England, and transited the Channel accompanied by a swarm of British Spitfire fighters. They dropped their bomb load on a railroad marshaling yard, just a few hundred meters from Rouen’s historic Gothic cathedral and not far from the site where Joan of Arc had been burned at the stake some five centuries earlier. The planes returned to base without any loss of aircraft or crew meaning it was a successful raid. This marked the first assault on Nazi-occupied Europe by heavy bombers of the US Army Air Forces. This was a revolution in American war-fighting doctrine. It created a new doctrine for strategic aerial bombing and deliver a blow to the domestic heartland rather to the troops. This would deprive the enemy of his capacity to support a force in the field and to break the people’s will to continue fighting. It signaled a brief war and fewer casualties as well as minimum disruption of one’s own social and economic structure.

7. Who was Paul Tibbets?

Paul Tibbets was the lead pilot for the Rouen raid in 1942. Almost three years later he served as the pilot on the flight of the Enola Gay from Tinian, in the Mariana Islands, to drop history’s first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.

 

8. What decision was made in Washington D.C. and how did it affect the outcome of the war?

On October 6, 1942 the civilian head of the American War Production Board, Donald Nelson, met in in his office with Army Undersecretary Robert Patterson and Lieutenant General Brehon B. Somervell , head of the Army Service forces. The were to resolve the “Feasibility Dispute” which plagued America’s mobilization program through 1942, and generated antagonisms between military officials like Patterson and Somervell and civilian mobilization administrators like Nelson. The terms for this would all but complete the pattern of america’s peculiar war. The chaotic mobilization effort in early 1942 would be slowed down and its prospectively gigantic military manpower drafts would be drastically downsized.

9. What two “fateful” consequences followed this decision?

First, the target date for the Cross-Channel amphibious invasion of northwestern France, D-Day, was postponed to May 1, 1944. Second the Victory Program’s goal of conscripting, out-fitting, training, transporting, and deploying 215 ground divisions was put down to just 90 divisions. The dimensions of this were immense: millions of men who had originally been destined to don uniforms and shoulder weapons on the battlefield would now be left in overalls to wield tools on the nation’s production lines.

10. What happened at Stalingrad that contributed the outcome of the war?

This event slaughtered tens of thousands of German and Soviet troops. The German capitulation at Stalingrad in February 1943 broke the back of the Wehrmacht’s 18 month old Russian offensive. The Red Army now seized the initiative and began pushing the invader out of the Soviet homeland, through Poland, and eventually into the streets of Berlin in 1942. This Soviet victory ended the Anglo-American leaders fear that the Russians could not withstand the shock of heavily-armored, fast-moving Blitzkrieg warfare.It also laid to rest the fear that their Soviet partner might be so badly battered and bloded by the fighting that Stalin would be compelled to seek political exit from the war. The Soviets turning from defensive to offensive warfare turned the war around by committing to pursuing the battle until the extinguishment of the Nazy Regime.

11. How did Joseph Stalin describe the American way of war?

Joseph Stalin had his own description for the American way of war: the United States, he commented bitterly, seemed to have decided to fight with American money, and American machines, and with Russian men. That was a characteristically cynical and tactless formulation; it was also indisputably accurate.

12. Describe how the author contends that the United States was the only “true victor” from the war.

The war-fighting pattern had far-reaching and lasting consequences. Among other things, it made the US the only true victor in the war, if by victory we mean emerging at the war’s end in a position superior to that occupied at the war’s onset. Ironically, but not unrelatedly, the US paid the smallest price in both blood and treasure for the victory that it so singularly achieved. If one asks, “Who made the weightiest contribution to the defeat of Nazi Germany?” the answer is unarguably the Soviet Union. But the Soviets were not the only ones who reaped the richest rewards from their own effort. Franklin Roosevelt’s “arsenal of democracy” strategy, in short, with its implications for the scale, configuration, and timing of the American war effort, amounted to a shrewdly calculated “least-cost” pathway to victory for the United States.

13. Why does the profit made by Macy’s on December 7th, 1944 seem incredible to Professor Kennedy?

Macy’s marketing team hit upon the poignantly symbolic date of December 7th, 1944 to promote a chain-wide sale. Only in America, it might be remarked, would a vendor choose to seek commercial advantage by commemorating the date of the nation’s most humiliating military defeat. But more to the point, only in wartime America could Macy’s results have been achieved. On that day Americans were engaged in the most ferocious fighting of the war, yet Macy’s cash registers rang up a higher volume of sales than on any previous day in the giant retailer’s history. There was no other country engaged in WWII where such a thing could have happened.

14. Compare the United States war and civilian dead to that of other countries. Why was this an important factor in postwar growth?

There was another implication of the US’s war-fighting strategy that has often been overlooked: the war’s toll in human life. Great Britain, America’s first partner nation in what became the Grand Alliance, lost some 350,000 people to enemy action, of whom about 100,000 were civilians. China may have lost as many as 10 million people, about 6 million of them civilians. Yugoslavia lost 2 million people, most of them civilians. Poles perished in the war, 6 million of them civilians (of whom perhaps 4 million were Jews). Six and a half million Germans died, about 1 million of them civilians. Japan lost some 3 million souls, 1 million of them civilian. In the Soviet Union, estimates are that the war took some 24 million lives, including 16 million civilians. And as for the United States: official records list 405,399 military dead in all branches of service, and 6 civilians died.

15. How does the author use the story about the Japanese balloon offensive to conclude his lecture?

Comparing the instrumentalities and results of the respective Japanese and American strategic bombing campaigns provides a summary illustration of the unique means by which America waged and won WWII. While Japan in the first half of 1945 adapted a primitive wind-driven technology in a last pathetic effort to strike at the Americans in their heartland, huge B-29 bomber streams flew nightly to Japan from the Marianas. The B-29s eventually razed 66 of Japan’s principal cities, de-housed some 8 million souls, and killed more than 800,000 people. Just two of those B-29s effectively ended the Japanese-American war, compared to Japan’s futile balloon bombs.

 



Reading class review 1939-1941

1. How and why did the US attempt to isolate itself from foreign troubles in the enemy and mid-1930's?
Why: Because of the horrors and economic consequences of World War I. We wanted to avoid the whole dilemma.

• The Neutrality Acts of 35, 36, and 37. (Does not distinguish b/w the aggressor and victim)
• Spanish civil war is a dress rehearsal for WWII.
• Panay Incident
• Johnston Debt Default Act - no loans
• Nye Committee
• We didn't respond to Italy invading Ethiopia.
• The America First Committee.
• Neutrality Act of 1939
• Cash and carry act.
• Good Neighbor Policy
• America First Committee

2. How did the fascist dictators' continually expand in aggression gradually erode the US commitment to neutrality and isolationism?
The Quarantine Speech took a step away from neutrality in that he asked American's to side against the dictators.
Mussolini comes to power.
The Munich Conference- form of appeasement or giving in to assure it as the last act of aggression.
3. How did FDR manage to move the US toward providing effective aid to Britain while slowly undercutting isolationist opposition?
Neutrality of 1939 where the US can sell arms on a cash and carry basis. A draft was also made to build armed forces. The creation of the committee to defend the allies which was started by regular Americans. The destroyer deal where the US transferred 50 US destroyers to Great Britain. The Lend Lease bill and the Atlantic Conference.

America's first peacetime draft. It would train 1.2 million troops yearly and 800,000 reserves.

 

Hard Travelin' Commentary

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8jFiw8YAT9zX2lGT3FLNU9VcXc/view?usp=sharing

1930's Periodiization

1930's: 1930-1939

1920-1929: Fundamentalism, laissez faire, immigration, emergency quota Act of 1921, mass consumption, automobiles, radio, flappers, Sacco v. Vanzetti, Scopes Trial, Great Crash of 1929, new and old money, Harlem Renaissance, The Lost Generation, Teapot Dome, Adkins, American legion, Yellow Dog contract- nobody is a part of union, Ford T-model, KKK, Herbert Hoover, tariffs,
1930-1939: Hawley-Smoot Tariff, Great Depression, 3 R's, Bonus Army- last straw for hoover, CCC, WWII starting, Farmers, Dust Bowl, Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbach, AAA- pay not to produce, FERA (welfare), 21st amendment, TBA- jobs to the impoverished and electricity to rural areas, Francis Perkins0 1st cabinet member, Wagner Act (unions), "sit down" strike, Fireside chats, NRA, sick chicken case, decline in unemployment,

Continuity:
Women's advancement, weaknesses in economy, income gap, Urban v Rural, the plight of the farmers, economic isolation and high tariffs,
Big Changes from 1920's:
Large government involvement, expansion of presidency, utilizing the government, less consumer spending, social statuses,

Intro 1920's Warm Up One- 03/30/15

What nicknames have you heard of for this decade?
"The Roaring 20's" and "The Jazz Age"
What years are included in the 1920's?
1920-1929
Change over time

1900-1919:

• World War I starts and ends
• New Freedom and New Nationalism
• Progressivism- government as a tool for social welfare
• Fourteen Points
• Workers' rights
• Anti-trust acts
• The Sedition Acts
• Conservation
• Socialism
• Article 10 (X)
• Red Scare
• Prohibition (18th amendment)
• Square Deal
• Food and Drugs Act
• Muckrackers

1920-1929

• 19th Amendment
• Communism
• Sacco and Vanzetti Case
• Immigration Quota Act 1921
• Immigration Act of 1924
• Nativism
• Scopes Trial
• Fundamentalists
• F. Scott Fitzgerald (lost generation)
• Great Crash of 1929
• Herbert Hoover
• Laissez-faire
• Gangsterism
• KKK
• Automobiles
• Aristocracy- new v. old (money, cultures, immigrants)

Continuity and Change over Time

• Foreign policy/ isolationism
• immigration attitudes (KKK)
• women's rights and struggles
• social;/political status of African Americans

What technological change have you experienced in your lifetime and what broader changes occurred as a result?

• Mobile phones (iPhones) > total reliance on cell phones as well as a cultural shift towards interactions through media rather than in person
• The spread of misinformation through social media and the internet
• Cleaner emissions from cars >> 
•  Alternative fuel sources.
• Pollution levels are dropping (awareness)
• Business changes
• Eco-friendly modes of transportation
• Smart Phones
• Globalization
• Shift in socialization
• Instant communication
• Limited talking
• Photography
• Shift in how information is received and sources. Access of information
• Less reliance on television and newspapers
• Invasion of privacy

1920's

• Bull Market
• easy credit
• Speculation: investing in stocks with hopes of getting rich quick.
• Paid with borrowed money
• Ponzi schemes
• Technology Change v. Cultural Change
• Hollywood
• Talkies
• Radio (national culture emerges)
• Automobile
• Airplanes
• Education System- John Dewey and "hands on learning"
• Art Movement
• Modernist v. Fundamentalist
• Women's movement
• Jazz Age (flappers) -cultural movement in community

Categories:
1. Social Groups and emergences: Women, Gangsterism, immigration, Ku Klux Klan, modernists, flappers, Red Scare,  jazz age, scopes trial
2. Government and economics: Automobiles, Mass consumption, laissez-faire, fundamentalism, capitalism, market economy, Scopes trial, Bull market, stock market, Fordism, Andrew Melon, Atkins v. Children's Hospital
3. Politics: KKK, Prohibition, capitalism
4. Technology: Jazz singer, automobiles

Should the 1920's be considered a distinct historical period from the decades directly before and after it?
The 1920's were a period of time that included changes in economics, politics, technology, and social groups.

1920's Chapter Reviews

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yHQkUec5DG8pWRkC7D2of2662ynXKYZ_5rR6U39K0jo/edit?usp=sharing

Progressivism Essential Questions

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pW7aIkUHlTB0Q3zc3LBMWqtF0Jzbdj7-Bwd3wEQo0Y0/edit?usp=sharing

Progressivism Essential Questions

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pW7aIkUHlTB0Q3zc3LBMWqtF0Jzbdj7-Bwd3wEQo0Y0/edit?usp=sharing

WWI Reading Guides

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1nKsnknEiqvl5xn_IjwMh3bLN0SMgY50B8e-OLQzvQAc/edit?usp=sharing

Progressivism Notes: Chapter 28

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eJrPfDgfFIz4pcg70eCGepFLDJ9CCJlr38eJnairjJo/edit?usp=sharing

The Jungle Reading and Responses

Response to Reading (Problems):  Spreading of Tuberculosis, spoiled meat, rat contamination, poisoning, and spoiling of goods were among the principle problems outlined by Sinclair in The Jungle. He detailed grisly occurrences within the industry, including dead vermin and lots of poor upkeep of the food.
Response to Reading (Problems): Sinclair mentions the wool-pluckers, whose hands were eaten up with acid in order to loosen the wool of sheep; those that made the tin cans for meat, whose bare hands were laced with cuts and each cut was prone to blood poisoning; those that worked at the stamping machines risked having a part of their hand chopped off; the hoisters that moved cattle developed severe back problems; some men fell into open vats full of steam, leaving nothing but bones. The plight of the factor worker was severe.

1. It was very emotionally provocative, and it effectively gave Americans a personal attachment to attempting to improve conditions for factory workers as well as ensuring safer food and meat for public consumption. Muckraking was very motivational and effective in its careful construction and appeal to pathos.
2. I would expect them to set new guidlines and construct laws to ensure the safety of factory workers as well as improved sanitation for the food that is going to be consumed by Americans. They should also support inspections of factories to make sure these laws are being carried out.
3. With labor unions demanding more rights and the problems only getting stronger, it is assumable that the conditions would be realized and speedily improved; it is an embarrassment for big companies to have bad public relations and a tarnished image, so it is safe to say that eventually, when the whistle was blown, conditions would improve.

Parts of Act to Try and Solve Problem: Meat food products distributed to the American public must be wholesome, unadulterated, and properly labeled for safe consumption; the ones that don't meet these requirements can be sold for a cheaper price if advertised as such. The burden is placed on the government to regulate such commmerce and to protect the health and welfare of the consumers. An examination of all food and meat is required and can be done at any time, and passing food must be inspected and passed or subsequently condemned. All slaughtering of meat must be sanitary and conditions have to be maintained and inspected.

Parts of Act to Try and Solve Problem:  You are not allowed to produce or manufacture adulterated and uninspected food for sale. You are prohibited from transporting uninsepcted or adulterated meat and food across state and national boundaries. The Secretary of Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor must make the rules for and carry out these provisions. Examinations of food and drugs shall be made in the borough of chemistry or of the Department of Agriculture. Meat and food may not be misbranded. If these are violated the company will be taken to the highest court of the United States for trial. Companies must guarantee the safety and cleanliness of their products and must clearly display their information on packaging. 

Progressive Era DBQ

Thesis: The time from 1900-1920 in America is colloquially referred to as the "Progressive Era" because of its rich reform movements and advocation on part of the American public for local, state-level, and federal change. The Progressive Era effectively fostered change at a national level in terms of the economy, industries and labor, and land conservation; however, not many strides were made for African-Americans, women, and immigrants.
Topic Sentences:

1. Both Roosevelt and Wilson placed high importance on improving the American economy, industries and labor, and land conservation. Roosevelt was tagged with the nickname "trustbuster" for his benevolence towards diminishing what he considered to be bad trusts, as well as creating a plan named 'the three C's': conservation, consumer protection, and control of corporations. Likewise, Wilson laid out his desire to break down the 'triple wall of privilege': tariffs, banks, and trusts and was adamant about his support of small businesses and yearn to bust all trusts. These goals were acheived with many new pieces of legislation, including The Pure Food and Drug Act, The Underwood Tariff, Forest Reserve Act, the Federal Reserve Act, and so on and so forth.
2. The Progressive Era failed in its effectiveness in elevating the lives of the most marginalized groups of individuals at the time; African-Americans, women, and immigrants. Wilson, inadvertently or not, caused further segregation to occur during his presidency, and the rights of black individuals was not a main concern of the era,  due to the high exposure during the Reconstruction Era of the preceeding century. Women gained traction with court cases such as Muller v. Oregon and ultimately the Susan B. Anthony (or 19th) Amendment's ratification granting universal female suffrage, however fundamental human rights were still not necessarily secured by the federal government. Immigrants received attention within the cities with movements like settlement houses, but rampant xenophobia and a strong dislike for the intrusion into the American workforce blocked any further progress for immigrants during this time.

Chapter 29 Reading Guide

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dKlXo62_MJr0JQFgZo7OuT4FQ102_0cDRS5M_ot0KDk/edit?usp=sharing

Progressive Warm-up 3/10/15

Should historians continue to treat the Progressive Era as its own period in American history?

Historians should continue to treat the Progressive Era as its own period in history because it represented a change in American history that differed from preceding era/s such as the Guilded Age; the major goal being to use the government as an agency of human welfare as well as reform society in general. This can be supported with the expansion of the presidency with Theodore Roosevelt and his elimination of all the, so called, "bad trusts" who had too much power. This can be refuted by the status of the women who were an indispensable catalyst in the Progressive army and still could not vote or hold political office.

Progressivism Day 1 warm Up

1. The white community struggled to understand the cultural ways of the natives and how they functioned as a tribe. Natives were forced into the culture of the white man. This clash occurred because the white men were attempting to expand into the frontier when the land initially belonged to the natives. As the white settlers are crossing the Mississippi River to the West there's the clashing idea between the white men and natives which is "this is my land". Some significant battles include the Battle of Little Bighorn where Colonel William Armstrong Custer leads more than 200 soldiers against 10,000 Indians which results in a victory for the natives. Another battle is the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain which included the Nez Perce tribe fleeing for Canada to escape being forced onto a reservation/ They were caught 40 miles from Canada. There are less battles than there are massacres. The natives had an advantage since they could shoot more arrows in the time that the white man could shoot them. Troops circled around 400 natives in the sand Creek Massacre who thought they had immunity and killed them all.

2. With the Dawes Severalty Act we see the overall goal being, erase the tribes and set Indians on the road to becoming like the white community. The law states that Indians could become U.S. citizens after 25 years if they behaves as the government preferred. Helen Hunt Jacksons book "A Century of Dishonor" outlines all the injustices done to Native Americans. Bringing the Natives into the land helps out the Natives with private land and equal rights. The Carlisle Indian School sought to immerse the Indian children in white culture. The Treaty of Dort Laramie was made between the Sioux tribe and the federal government. With this treaty the government fives up on the Bozeman Trail and the huge Sioux reservation was established. It was a short-lived treaty.

3. The cattle ranches boomed because it relies on the open range of the West and southern Texas. The cowboys go on this long drive all the way to a cow town. The cow towns sprout up next to railroads. It takes the cattle from Texas to the great plains to take meat to the East. The introduction of barbed wire and sheep farming ends this open range which ends the cattle drive. We also see drought affecting the decline of cows. With mining towns gold and silver would be found and boomtowns would be created from the influx of people. The boomtowns were known for their lawlessness and would form right where the mining towns are. Once all the resources had been used up most of the towns would be abandoned and become ghost towns. Women also gained more independence in the West where some states would allow them to vote and have jobs.

1994 Imperialism DBQ

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RtFSnC28y5Qnez9JwvVEs5vu5U5r6YoefBEVzVP8GWk/edit?usp=sharing

Turning Points (1754 to 1877)

1754 v. 1763:1754: The French and Indian War erupts as a result of disputes over land in the Ohio River Valley. In May, George Washington leads a small group of American colonists to victory over the French, then builds Fort Necessity in the Ohio territory. In July, after being attacked by numerically superior French forces, Washington surrenders the fort and retreats. First war fought using the colonists and showed their alleigence to the British.

1763: The French and Indian War, known in Europe as the Seven Year's War, ends with the Treaty of Paris. Under the treaty, France gives England all French territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans. American strength is evident. The Proclamation of 1763, signed by King George III of England, prohibits any English settlement west of the Appalachian mountains and requires those already settled in those regions to return east in an attempt to ease tensions with Native Americans. This starts the ball rolling on American independence.

Best Choice: 1763; this is when American's began to resent the English and push against their colonial reign and realized they had changning feelings about themselves as a separate entity from England.

1763 v. 1776:
1763: The French and Indian War, known in Europe as the Seven Year's War, ends with the Treaty of Paris. Under the treaty, France gives England all French territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans. American strength is evident. The Proclamation of 1763, signed by King George III of England, prohibits any English settlement west of the Appalachian mountains and requires those already settled in those regions to return east in an attempt to ease tensions with Native Americans. This starts the ball rolling on American independence.

1776: United States issues the Declaration of Independence, listing their grievances with the British rule and calling for independence. George Washington crosses the Delaware.

Best Choice: 1776; Americans declared their independence for their nation and became united under the goal to win the war against the British; things seemed positive in that respect.

1789 v. 1800:
1789: Congress passes its first tax, an 8.5 percent protective tax on 30 different items, with items arriving on American ships charged at a lower rate than foreign ships. The U.S. Army is established by Congress. The Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution of the United States. George Washington is inaugurated as President.

1800: Jefferson beats Adams in the race for the Presidency; the Federalist party is all but dead. First peaceful transition of power. The Quasi-War ends.

Best Choice: 1789; America is tasked with constructing a new nation after the failure of the Articles of Confederation; the very first president is elected to office; it was the most crucial year for establishing America's success as a thriving nation.

1828 v. 1844:
1828: U.S. President John Quincy Adams signs the Tariff of 1828/Tariff of Abominations into law to protect industry in the North; sparked the Nullification crisis in South Carolina. South Carolina declares right of states to nullify federal laws. Saw the birth of the two-party system, Jackson won the Election of 1828.

1844: Texan envoys sign Treaty of Annexation with the United States. James K Polk elected 11th president of US. Henry Clay loses as a Whig candidate and strongly disagrees with Polk's plans. 

Best Choice: 1844; with the election of Polk, his ideologies such as the Manifest Destiny and continentialism changed the landscape of America forever; his presidency would push for the annexation of California, Texas, and much of the Southwest, as well as the Mexican-American War.

1848 v. 1850:
1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican War; US acquires Texas, California, New Mexico & Arizona for $15 million. Zachary Taylor is elected president; gold is found in California. Convention at Seneca Falls is held by Stanton & Mott.

1850: Henry Clay introduces Compromise of 1850 on slavery. California admitted to Union as 16th free state. Fugitive Slave Act was passed. Territories of New Mexico & Utah created. Millard Fillmore is sworn into office.

Best Choice: 1850; set the stage for the beginnigs of tension between the North & South; the Compromise of 1850 would soon be ignored and nonhelpful, and the slavery question would further polarize the two halves of the US.

1860 v. 1865:

1860: Abraham Lincoln elected. South Carolina secedes from the United States of America. Secession for the rest of the South is imminent and Civil War is on the horizon; it will begin. 

1865: Congress passes 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery in America. American Civil War ends with the surrender of the Confederate states. Abraham Lincoln is assassinated. KKK forms. President Andrew Johnson proclaims reconstruction of Confederate states.

Best Choice: 1865; with the end of the Civil War and the assassination of President Lincoln, America was on the edge of a huge change. Reconstruction would bring about numerous changes for America and African-Americans particularly, launching the United States into a struggle for civil rights and economic struggle alike.

1865 v. 1877:

1865: Congress passes 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery in America. American Civil War ends with the surrender of the Confederate states. Abraham Lincoln is assassinated. KKK forms. President Andrew Johnson proclaims reconstruction of Confederate states.

1877: Compromise of 1877 ends the Reconstruction Era. Rutherford B. Hayes is elected as president. 

Best Choice: 1865; with the end of the Civil War and the assassination of President Lincoln, America was on the edge of a huge change. Reconstruction would bring about numerous changes for America and African-Americans particularly, launching the United States into a struggle for civil rights and economic struggle alike.

Primary Sources

Primary Source for Immigrants!

DOCUMENT #4:  Delegate C. C. O’Donnell, December 11, 1878.
Doctor C.C. O'Donnell likewise came from a prominent family, having Alexander Hamilton and Charles Carroll (two signers of the Declaration of Independence) for ancestors. He came to San Francisco in 1850 and stayed there. He was Active early in the "anti-coolie" crusade and was elected on the Workingman's ticket.
"Now, Mr. Chairman, I am not going to detain you but a few moments. I only want to refer to the record ... According to the Custom House report, from eighteen hundred and sixty-eight and seventy-six -- eight years -- we have drawn from that country over one hundred thousand Chinese/ Over one hundred thousand of these Chinese have come to this coast for the last eight years. Now, think of that! They have taken from this State two hundred and forty million dollars. Do you wonder at the cry of hard times in the State of California? Take one hundred and fifty thousand of these Chinese in this state, getting wages from a dollar and a half a day, and out of the dollar they send seven bits to China. Over ninety thousand dollars leaves the state every day and goes to China, never to return. They do not pay taxes sufficient..."

1. The Chinese have been migrating to western America for eight years from 1868 to 1876 and in those years have taken $240 million from the state and send $90,000 a day to China.
2. The intended audience is anti immigrant citizens such as the Know Nothing party, pro white labor Unions, and others who dislike the influx of immigrants.
3. The authors point of view is anti- Chinese immigrants or just anti-immigrants in general. They feel this way because of the impacts they have had on the economy. He feels that they are taking money and bringing it out of circulation which counts as a loss of money for the Americans and Californians.
4. This relates to the recent immigration reform bill released to the senate in 2013 that will put millions of immigrants contributing to Americas growing economy on the road to citizenship. This offers immigrants who come here as children a five year path to becoming a citizen and gives immigration judges more decision based on what they think. However this bill requires thousands of tax payers money to pay for more borderland security, surveillance, mandated checkpoints, etc. This also relates to the McCarran-Walter Act, otherwise known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 which was supposed to exclude certain immigrants entering the United States post-World War II. This act denied immigrants who were unlawful, immoral, diseased in any way, politically radical etc. and accepted those who were willing and able to assimilate into the United States economic, social, and political structures. People affiliated with communism were denied since then communism was a big threat to American democracy.
5. This document could also be linked to the farmers and miners (just a few examples) desire for more money circulating the economy. They want silver coins to have more value. Having more money in circulation would help the farmers pay back debts and borrow more money. However this would decrease the value of the dollar. These people were essentially the Hard Money Advocates.

 Primary Source for Women

http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/resources/wompolls.html
1. This article displays the amount of women who attempted to vote after the fourteenth and fifteenth amendment made it seem like they were entitled to the right to vote.
2. The intended audience would most likely be the public of that time especially the women to promote suffrage movements.
3. The passage of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendment gave unclear messages to the women making them believe that they could vote just like anybody else. This should have been the case but women were not seen as an equal.
4. The National Organization for Women (NOW) is an organization that is fighting for women's rights. They are attempting to win economic equality and securing it with an amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This will guarantee equal rights for women; championing abortion rights, reproductive freedom and other women's health issues; opposing racism; fighting bigotry against the LGBT community and ending violence against women. This relates to some of the various reform groups of the gilded age who were trying to achieve the right for women to vote and to have equal labor/job opportunities.
5. This brings to mind the increase in voter turnout when African Americans were treated as citizens. However this significantly decreased when states began establishing poll taxes and literacy tests which was required of men to take. Since the blacks had just gained their freedom they did not have much money and were often unable to pay the poll taxes. As a result of this African Americans and poor white men were thus unable to vote. This just adds to the inequalities of that period which continues, sadly enough.

Primary Source for African Americans

http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5741/
1. This article is arguing for a pro-white labor force, saying that the white people have worked hard for years in factories however now that the African Americans will work for cheap methods they fear that they will take all of their job opportunities away.
2. Factory owners who should recognize all the white labor force has done for the factories as well as labor unions.
3. The author has a pro-white labor point of view because their jobs are being taken by cheap black labor forces.
4. Many workers from the Customs Department have admitted that they rely on racial characteristics when deciding whether to inspect someone's bags when they enter the country or detain them when they cross the border. African Americans lack opportunity and safety, black intellectualism, and blacks unemployment rates remained twice that of whites.
5. This brings to mind the issues women went through until society accepted them into factories and other work opportunities.

Gilded Age Notes

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1guWt7nuf0w_PZifpf5Mleq7OHLj6C2oc6FO9NfjcGcI/edit?usp=sharing

Interpreting Secondary Sources

1. Women in Industrializing America

2. Stacy A. Cordery

3. The origins of modern Americas effect on women.

4. Thesis: The increased number of women in the labor force, in the westward movement, and the breakdown of the separation of men and women inspired women to have political campaigns and to push for women's rights. The women of this age were typically white, middle classed, Protestant, native born, married, and living in a small town that has better education opportunities. There was also a decrease in the amount of children being born during this time.

5.

• Women were mainly confined to staying home but during Industrialization they obtained time saving appliances giving then time to have other jobs.
• Organizations were formed to provide charitable relief. These reform groups used willing workforces to raise money, petition state and local governments, and raised awareness for the less fortunate. For example, the Women's Christion Temperance Union (WCTU) fought to prevent the abuse and usage of alcohol by praying bars and other forms of awareness.
• Women spent most of their days caring for their children. Her only opportunity to join a womans club was if she had a servant or her kids were grown.
• By the turn of the century one in seven women were employed as a way to supplement their husbands insufficient income. Those that began working attempted to correct the wretched living and working conditions.
• Anne Firor Scott credits club women with "inventing Progressivism" where women began putting themselves into the world around them by creating study clubs among other groups and objects. These women advocated education such as parent education, vacation schools, and special education for disabled children. They also created innovations such as visiting nurses, libraries, school sanitation and public health, calling for the regulation of water and milk, pure food and drug administration, sanitary garbage disposal legislation, dental clinics, hospitals, baby clinics, school lunch programs, and public facilities such as laundries.
• Anna J. H. Pennybacker was known for being leaders of many women's clubs, dedicating herself to organized womanhood
• Black women were denied access to politics, the legal system, and governmental support. Their various clubs would do many actions to help the less fortunate such as The Art and Study Club of Moline, Illinois, visited the sick and clothed the poor. Ag=frican American women elsewhere organized home for the elderly, juvenile delinquents, working women, unwed mothers, and orphans. The first club to organize was the COLORED WOMEN'S LEAGUE. They combined with THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF AFRO-AMERICAN WOMEN to form THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONOF COLORED WOMEN.
• Women began to express their political voices as associations speaking infront of hostile crowds, lobbying male politicians, managed finances and wrote platforms. There was increasing membership and rapidly multiplying women's associations,.
• The Gilded Age the older natural-rights justification for suffrage gave way to an ideology that emphasized differences between men and women. Women by emphasizing their "true womanhood".
• Suffrage was the most important topic when concerning education, religion, property rights, and marriage and divorce laws.
• NATIONAL WOMENS SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION- wanted a federal amendment for women's suffrage. Combined with AWSA to form the MAWSA. none ever had any real success during the gilded age.
• Numbers of women began living among the poor to create a safe environment for families against crime, disease, unhygienic living conditions, unsafe work places and unscrupulous employers who would take advantage of the newly arrived. One of the most famous being the HULL HOUSE who fought to have 8 hour work days, uplift working immigrants, and a minimum wage.
• Females provided labor to fuel industrialization comprising 14% of workforce in 1870; 16%-1890. Women's wages were much lower than men's barely giving them enough to live on.
• Foreign born women had the most domestic positions even though employers sought for native born white women.
• Working conditions included 10 hour days (8 at turn of century), no safety codes and no regulations regarding breaks, vacations, retirement, workers' compensation, injury pay or time off, or sexual harassment. Began striking (usually unsuccessful).
• Increase in college educated women. Most who earned doctoral degrees from 1877 to 1924 remained single. Could have careers more easily in medical fields rather than law. Science remained closed to women as well as ministry.
• Increased participation in sports.
• Industrialization, immigration, and urbanization caused a population increase in the East, the Homestead Acts and the lure of quick riches drew Americans to the West. Some women established their own homesteads. Or they built community structures- womens clubs, belonged to other clubs like The Populists, The Grange, and the Farmers Alliance.
• Native American women did not really hear about the cult of true womanhood. Native Americans, both men and women, would share a lot of tasks that were seen as "womans" work since they were not as touched by industrialization. Some enjoyed higher stuses because of religious or medical skills.
• Reform efforts had demonstrated the ability of women not only to survive but also prosper outside of their "proper" field.
• Women worked a lot as farmers to help with their families low income.

6.

• Were there any movements to stop the women's reform groups?
• Where did the money come from? Donations?
• Why did the women put a lot of focus into alcohol prevention?
• What was the non-typical woman like?
• Why did numbers of children decrease? Bad fertility or were the women given more of a choice on their family size?
• What were the major blowbacks from increased campaigning for women's rights?
• How did the women's place in society chance at the end of the 1900's- was it permanent?

1. The Immigrant Experience in the Gilded Age

2. Roger Daniels
3. The treatment of the immigrants during the Gilded Age.
4. Treatment of the immigrants during this time period is very significant in describing the Gilded Age. The various immigrants lived in different regions of America based on where their family lived and where they had available work opportunities. Some immigrants (such as the Irish) seemed to dominate two crucial institutions which were municipal politics and the Roman Catholic Church. These various groups differed from each other with where they lived, how they interacted with people, labor unions, politics, and the movements occurring at the time.
5.

• Immigrants included people from Italy, Germany, China, Ireland, Britain, Southern and Eastern Europe, Scandinavia,  French Canadians, Slovakia, people of Greco Latin descent, and Asiatic.
• Between 1866 and 1900, 13,259,469 immigrants entered America. Throughout this period, the foreign-born population was predominantly male.
• three fifths of the immigrants came from Western Europe, most from Germany, Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Pre-civil war these immigrants made up 95% of the total but twenty years after they were just two fifths.
• Old Immigrants: western European immigrants that mainly contained that of Irish and other Britons, Germans, and Scandinavians ending in early 1800's. New Immigration: Eastern and Southern Europeans that of Italians, Poles, Southern Slavs, Jews, and Greeks ending in 1914 with WWI.
• Most immigrants paid for their way to America during the Gilded Age hoping to improve their life.
• Transportation improved from sail to steamship which meant shorter crossing times, better conditions and usually lower fares. Tickets could be paid in the New World so that a member in the Old World could travel to there.
• Most seeked employment which was mostly in urban and industrial occupations.
• 1/2 of immigrants lived in Northeast which had less than 1/3 of nations population. More than 2/5ths lived in North central states- almost 1/3 of Americas population. In the nine of the cities that have more than 25,000 people, immigrants made up more than 40% of them- N.Y, Chicago, San Francisco, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Scranton, Pennsylvania, Lawrence, Massachusetts and Detroit.
• The largest ethnic groups were the Irish and Germans comprised 14.5 and 11.5% of large cities.
• By 1900 the Census Bureau was dividing the foreign born population into 8 groups (Teutons, Irish, British Americans, British, Slavs, Scandinavians, Greco Latin's, and Asiatics).
• Scandinavian immigration became urban. British immigrants=the invisible immigrants. Some were capitalists, others tradesmen, industrial workers, and remittance men. Overrepresented in commercial and skilled worker categories.
•  Southern and eastern immigrants dominated immigration flows in the final decade of the century came mostly at the very bottom of American urban industrial society.
• Chinese- crucial in Far West. They built railroads, engaged in mining, cleared land, and were pioneers in market gardening and other forms of agriculture.
• French Canadians- only group who migrated chiefly by rail.
• IMPORTANT. Those that entered US during this period were first to deal with federal restriction and regulation of immigrants.
• The Protestant Know Nothings thought catholic immigrants to be a great threat to the Republic. They never won restriction of the immigrants and tightening of naturalization laws.
• HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1862- those that declared their intention of becoming an American citizen could have the same rights as American citizens. After the war the naturalization statues expanded to include blacks.
• US and China allow citizens to migrate freely and to change their homes as they please. The treaty was mainly supposed to support trade put immigration and foreign policy at loggerheads. A new regulation allowed the US to regulate, limit and suspend Chinese immigration and residence. So in 1882 Chester Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act suspending Chinese immigration (laborers) for 10 years and after that another 10 years were added.
• The French Canadians became the eastern Chinese, said they did not care anything of the American Institution.
• The Anglo Saxon Complex- campaigned for an immigration policy based on discrimination. Chief spokesman=Henry Cabot Lodge, settled on a literacy test to bring the best ethno culture balance. All the literacy bills were denied.

6.

• Were the French Canadians the most despised immigrant groups?
• What was the naturalization process like? Was its basis the Homestead Act?

1. The African American Experience

2. Leslie H. Fishel Jr.
3. How the post-civil war changes affected the African Americans.
4. The affect of social, political, and economic changes/decisions on the African Americans during the Gilded Age and in what ways they responded to them.
5.

• Country experienced revolutions in economic activity, territorial expansion, demography, class structure, education, and politics.
• The African American people had power and influence which combined with perseverance brought leverage for them in the Reconstruction years. They began to serve in Congress and state legislatures and in federal, state, and local governments at varying levels of authority.
• With the blacks newfound freedom they gained the ability to move to another plantation/region which caused a great population boom as families were reunited. They also gained the ability to find higher paying jobs which included farming, building railroads, mining coal and phosphate, making turpentine, and lumbering.
• Migration into North increased the growth of urban centers.
• Blacks had little political support and less economic opportunity.
• The biggest migration post-civil war was the migration of Texas, Mississippi, and Louisiana into Kansas. "Kansas Fever" This founded a black town.
• Slave Plantation turned into TENANT PLANTATION SYSTEM  which let farmers empty black workers but they had to pay rent  while credit system gave him money for seeds. Sharecropping slit return into shares for landlord and tenant. Kept tenants poor and in debt. Major crop was COTTON.
• Sugar plantations of Louisiana and cotton of Virginia and N.C. hired workers for wages not tenants. Instead they had seasonal employment and low pay.
• Civil Rights Cases: Through Justice Joseph P. Bradley they said public accommodations shouldn't have to be protected against racial discrimination which is inconsistent with previous cases such as Prigg v. Pennsylvania and Minn v. Illinois where the court held that both civil rights and public nature of public accommodations were limited and that neither the 13 or 14th amendment permits congressional implementation of the Act. Justice John Marshall Harlan said congress did have protective legislation.
• Garfield- chasm closed through education. Chester A. Arthur didn't really care for blacks.
• South wanted to cancel blacks votes. Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee and Florida introduced the poll tax, multiple box voting, or the secret ballot in late 1800s. Next decade a flurry of laws restricted the franchise by requiring a literacy and/or property test. By 1908 former confederate states had removed most blacks and a number or poor or illiterate whites from the electorate.
• Afro-American National League- wanted to act on economic issues. Was a victim of bad organizing and financing.
• ^^^ Competition popped up with the popular farmers movement, The Grange, which formed cooperatives and lobbied state legislators for a graduated income tax and railroad and telegraph regulation.
• The Wheels, Alliances, and Knights initially welcome black members but as the Farmers Alliance grew to become the dominant agricultural organization it yielded to white majority pressure and spurned black members.
• Blacks at one time had their own Colored Farmers Alliance and wanted to cooperate with the white farmers but the whites unacceptance of the blacks voting refrained them from doing so.
• When the Alliance movement formed into POPULISM and that into the POPULIST PARTY blacks found white men like Tom Watson who voiced for economic interests. Election of 1892- some blacks voted for democratic or populist party. The parties defeat led to its demise ending the black effort to cooperate on economical and political issues with southern whites. There were no political measures- bills or elections, to help blacks up to WWI.
• African Americans established schools that were nondiscriminatory but they were underfunded during reconstruction. 2/5ths black children were enrolled in school. Schools would stay open a month or two then close so children could pick cotton.
• Tuskagee was the first industrial school manage by blacks and taught agricultural skills such as farming, brickmaking, carpentering, printing, black-smithing, and house keeping and sewing for girls. Booker T. Washington added as future offerings, tinsmithing, shoemaking, painting and broom making. It had little to do with expanding industries, iron steel, and textiles. Focused on traditional manual trades.
• Buffalo soldiers strung wire, had military posts, opened roads, mapped unknown territories, and located water sources for new settlers.
• Southern whites justified violence against blacks out of fear of color and denial of brain. From 1882-1899 over 2500 blacks were lynched. Excuses included rapes, abuse of white women, and occasional murder.
• Convicts in prison were leased to railroad builders, planters, and mine owners for a pittance b/c of escalated costs. People were starved, beat, murdered, and raped.
• Blacks defensive mechanisms against violence included maturing social stratification and an expanding adherence to the church.
• Some major cities had a lot of African American aristocracy within them.
• Blacks had an impulse of intellectual pursuits making them form literacy clubs. They had dances and cotillions, elaborate weddings, and banquets. The light blacks made up the social elites whereas darker ones were the rank and file. There was no middle class. The black elite: barbering, teaching, government service, small business, and agriculture or at the low income end of professions could be counted as the middle class. The black elite didn't believe it. Northern and southern blacks lacked access to cash, credit, good jobs and upward mobility.
• Northern black elitists feared the influx of southern blacks because they felt it would threaten their fragile power. The southern blacks had different speeches, less educated, farm oriented, darker, and different religious patterns.
• Churches were the largest and most elaborate economic, social, and political institutions organized by African Americans.
• Upper class church services were more participatory and warmer in feeling. Underclass services was more open and inclusive; sermons invited response, hymns were sung with abandon. A center of social life and intercourse.
• Segregated schools in North nut by 19-- most northern states had prohibited separate schools based on race. The south usually segregated schools, housing, and businesses.
• Key case was PLESSY V FERGUSON in 1896 in which a majority found a Louisiana segregation laws constitutional. Law required separate RR's for whites and blacks. Court said this restriction didn't infringe on the liberty of black people enunciated by 13th amendment or rights as citizens. Said it wouldn't lead to expansion of segregation.
• Booker T. Washington said social segregation is okay but whites and blacks should cooperate in economic spheres. Atlanta Compromise: Don't permit our (blacks) grievances to overshadow our opportunities. Said millions could pull the load upward or force it down.
• 1896 marked the first Harvard Ph.D. to a black person, W. E. B. Du Bois, powerful race studies and detailed historical and sociological study.
• Black women wanted same career opportunities as white women.
• A low point in the lives of blacks and whites was when the Northern whites perpetrated physical violence, economic repression, political exclusion, narrowed educational opportunities, and social ostracism.